Uhuru Kenyatta vs Mwai Kibaki

Pursued debt-financed, state-led megaprojects such as the Chinese-funded Standard Gauge Railway, and signed a cap on bank interest rates in 2016 (repealed 2019). Public debt rose sharply. (medium confidence)

Presided over a revenue-led recovery and Vision 2030: state investment in roads and energy, with private-sector growth as the engine. (medium confidence)

The government reported issuing millions of title deeds (its own figures). No major redistribution. (low confidence)

Adopted a National Land Policy in 2009, and the 2010 Constitution created a National Land Commission. Little land was actually redistributed. Free primary education pushes the other way. (low confidence)

Courts ruled the BBI constitutional-change drive unconstitutional, upheld by the Supreme Court in March 2022. Refused for years to appoint judges nominated by the JSC. He did accept the 2017 Supreme Court nullification and went to a rerun. (medium confidence)

Signed the 2010 Constitution (devolution, a stronger judiciary, a Bill of Rights). Earlier backed a 2005 draft that kept a powerful presidency, and was sworn in within an hour of the disputed 2007 result. (medium confidence)

Son of the first president. Governed as the establishment, then backed Raila Odinga against his own deputy in 2022. (high confidence)

A senior establishment figure for decades, though he left KANU in 1991 to lead the opposition Democratic Party. (medium confidence)

Switched off three TV stations in January 2018 and kept them off despite a court order. Signed the 2018 cybercrimes law, parts of which courts suspended. (medium confidence)

Media space widened after 2002, but police raided the Standard Group in 2006 and the Waki Commission documented police killings in the 2007 to 2008 crisis. (medium confidence)